Immortality
O mind what are you searching? Inside and outside it is one only. It is the concept that makes you feel inside and outside. Once the earthen pot bearing the name (Nanak) is broken, by getting rid of the concept that I am the body, where is inside and outside? It is “I” only prevailing everywhere.
(GuruNanak)
O mind what are you searching? Inside and outside it is one only. It is the concept that makes you feel inside and outside. Once the earthen pot bearing the name (Nanak) is broken, by getting rid of the concept that I am the body, where is inside and outside? It is “I” only prevailing everywhere.
(GuruNanak)
Ray Kurzweil (The Singularity Is Near)
o In The Age of Spiritual Machines (ASM), which I wrote in 1998, I sought to articulate the nature of human life as it would exist past the point when machine and human cognition blurred.
o …impending merger of our biological thinking with the non-biological intelligence we are creating.
o …I describe myself as a "patternist," someone who views patterns of information as the fundamental reality. For example, the particles composing my brain and body change within weeks, but there is a continuity to the patterns that these particles make.
o What, is the Singularity? It's a future period during which the pace of technological change will be so rapid, its impact so deep, that human life will be irreversibly transformed.
o The key idea underlying the impending Singularity is that the pace of change of our human-created technology is accelerating and its powers are expanding at an exponential pace. Exponential growth is deceptive. It starts out almost imperceptibly and then explodes with unexpected fury—unexpected, that is, if one does not take care to follow its trajectory.
o …computers are diagnosing electrocardiograms and medical images, flying and landing airplanes, controlling the tactical decisions of automated weapons, making credit and financial decisions, and being given responsibility for many other tasks that used to require human intelligence. The performance of these systems is increasingly based on integrating multiple types of artificial intelligence (AI).
o …the brain suffers from severe limitations. We use its massive parallelism (one hundred trillion inter-neuronal connections operating simultaneously) to quickly recognize subtle patterns. But our thinking is extremely slow: the basic neural transactions are several million times slower than contemporary electronic circuits. That makes our physiological bandwidth for processing new information extremely limited compared to the exponential growth of the overall human knowledge base.
o Before the middle of this century, the growth rates of our technology—which will be indistinguishable from ourselves—will be so steep as to appear essentially vertical. From a strictly mathematical perspective, the growth rates will still be finite but so extreme that the changes they bring about will appear to rupture the fabric of human history. That, at least, will be the perspective of unenhanced biological humanity.
o The Singularity will represent the culmination of the merger of our biological thinking and existence with our technology, resulting in a world that is still human but that transcends our biological roots. There will be no distinction, post-Singularity, between human and machine or between physical and virtual reality.
o Although the Singularity has many faces, its most important implication is this: our technology will match and then vastly exceed the refinement and suppleness of what we regard as the best of human traits. [Indi (Editor): What are these best human traits? Who is going to decide that? If people are able to have that kind of refinement why is there such a mess in the world at present?]
o (Epoch 3 of 6); ultimately, our own species evolved the ability to create abstract mental models of the world we experience and to contemplate the rational implications of these models. We have the ability to redesign the world in our own minds and to put these ideas into action.
o A billion years ago, not much happened over the course of even one million years. But a quarter-million years ago epochal events such as the evolution of our species occurred in time frames of just one hundred thousand years. In technology, if we go back fifty thousand years, not much happened over a one-thousand-year period. But in the recent past, we see new paradigms, such as the World Wide Web, progress from inception to mass adoption (meaning that they are used by a quarter of the population in advanced countries) within only a decade.
o Looking ahead several decades, the Singularity will begin with the fifth epoch…The fifth epoch will enable our human-machine civilization to transcend the human brain's limitations of a mere hundred trillion extremely slow connections.
o In The Age of Spiritual Machines (ASM), which I wrote in 1998, I sought to articulate the nature of human life as it would exist past the point when machine and human cognition blurred.
o …impending merger of our biological thinking with the non-biological intelligence we are creating.
o …I describe myself as a "patternist," someone who views patterns of information as the fundamental reality. For example, the particles composing my brain and body change within weeks, but there is a continuity to the patterns that these particles make.
o What, is the Singularity? It's a future period during which the pace of technological change will be so rapid, its impact so deep, that human life will be irreversibly transformed.
o The key idea underlying the impending Singularity is that the pace of change of our human-created technology is accelerating and its powers are expanding at an exponential pace. Exponential growth is deceptive. It starts out almost imperceptibly and then explodes with unexpected fury—unexpected, that is, if one does not take care to follow its trajectory.
o …computers are diagnosing electrocardiograms and medical images, flying and landing airplanes, controlling the tactical decisions of automated weapons, making credit and financial decisions, and being given responsibility for many other tasks that used to require human intelligence. The performance of these systems is increasingly based on integrating multiple types of artificial intelligence (AI).
o …the brain suffers from severe limitations. We use its massive parallelism (one hundred trillion inter-neuronal connections operating simultaneously) to quickly recognize subtle patterns. But our thinking is extremely slow: the basic neural transactions are several million times slower than contemporary electronic circuits. That makes our physiological bandwidth for processing new information extremely limited compared to the exponential growth of the overall human knowledge base.
o Before the middle of this century, the growth rates of our technology—which will be indistinguishable from ourselves—will be so steep as to appear essentially vertical. From a strictly mathematical perspective, the growth rates will still be finite but so extreme that the changes they bring about will appear to rupture the fabric of human history. That, at least, will be the perspective of unenhanced biological humanity.
o The Singularity will represent the culmination of the merger of our biological thinking and existence with our technology, resulting in a world that is still human but that transcends our biological roots. There will be no distinction, post-Singularity, between human and machine or between physical and virtual reality.
o Although the Singularity has many faces, its most important implication is this: our technology will match and then vastly exceed the refinement and suppleness of what we regard as the best of human traits. [Indi (Editor): What are these best human traits? Who is going to decide that? If people are able to have that kind of refinement why is there such a mess in the world at present?]
o (Epoch 3 of 6); ultimately, our own species evolved the ability to create abstract mental models of the world we experience and to contemplate the rational implications of these models. We have the ability to redesign the world in our own minds and to put these ideas into action.
o A billion years ago, not much happened over the course of even one million years. But a quarter-million years ago epochal events such as the evolution of our species occurred in time frames of just one hundred thousand years. In technology, if we go back fifty thousand years, not much happened over a one-thousand-year period. But in the recent past, we see new paradigms, such as the World Wide Web, progress from inception to mass adoption (meaning that they are used by a quarter of the population in advanced countries) within only a decade.
o Looking ahead several decades, the Singularity will begin with the fifth epoch…The fifth epoch will enable our human-machine civilization to transcend the human brain's limitations of a mere hundred trillion extremely slow connections.
o The traditional strengths of human intelligence include a formidable ability to recognize patterns. The massively parallel and self-organizing nature of the human brain is an ideal architecture for recognizing patterns that are based on subtle, invariant properties. Humans are also capable of learning new knowledge by applying insights and inferring principles from experience, including information gathered through language. A key capability of human intelligence is the ability to create mental models of reality and to conduct mental "what-if" experiments by varying aspects of these models.
o The traditional strengths of machine intelligence include the ability to remember billions of facts precisely and recall them instantly.
o Another advantage of non-biological intelligence is that once a skill is mastered by a machine, it can be performed repeatedly at high speed, at optimal accuracy, and without tiring. Perhaps most important, machines can share their knowledge at extremely high speed, compared to the very slow speed of human knowledge-sharing through language.
o As virtual reality from within the nervous system becomes competitive with real reality in terms of resolution and believability, our experiences will increasingly take place in virtual environments.
o …We will determine our own fate rather than have it determined by the current "dumb," simple, machinelike forces that rule celestial mechanics…
o The computational capacity of a human brain; according to Hans Moravec’s ( legendary roboticist at Carnegie Mellon University) analysis, the retina performs ten million of edge and motion detections each second. Based on his several decades of experience in creating robotic vision systems, he estimates that the execution of about one hundred computer instructions is required to re-create each such detection at human levels of performance, meaning that replicating the image-processing functionality of this portion of the retina requires 1,000 MIPS. The human brain is about 75,000 times heavier than the 0.02 grams of neurons in this portion of the retina, resulting in an estimate of about 1014 (100 trillion) instructions per second for the entire brain.
o …if we want to "upload" a particular person's personality (that is, capture all of his or her knowledge, skills, and personality), then we may need to simulate neural processes at the level of individual neurons and portions of neurons…For this, we need to look at detailed models of individual neurons. The "fan out" (number of inter-neuronal connections) per neuron is estimated at 103. With an estimated 1011 neurons, that's about 1014 connections. With a reset time of five milliseconds, that comes to about 1016 synaptic transactions per second…Neuron-model simulations indicate the need for about 103 calculations per synaptic transaction to capture the nonlinearities (complex interactions) in the dendrites and other neuron regions, resulting in an overall estimate of about 1019 cps for simulating the human brain at this level. We can therefore consider this an upper bound, but 1014 to 1016 cps to achieve functional equivalence of all brain regions is likely to be sufficient.
o By the mid-2040s, however, that one thousand dollars' worth of computation will be equal to 1026 cps, so the intelligence created per year (at a total cost of about $1012) will be about one billion times more powerful than all human intelligence today. That will indeed represent a profound change, and it is for that reason that I set the date for the Singularity—representing a profound and disruptive transformation in human capability—as 2045.
o Our ability to reverse engineer the brain—to see inside, model it, and simulate its regions—is growing exponentially. We will ultimately understand the principles of operation underlying the full range of our own thinking, knowledge that will provide us with powerful procedures for developing the software of intelligent machines... There are no inherent barriers to our being able to reverse engineer the operating principles of human intelligence and replicate these capabilities in the more powerful computational substrates that will become available in the decades ahead. The human brain is a complex hierarchy of complex systems, but it does not represent a level of complexity beyond what we are already capable of handling.
o A principal assumption underlying the expectation of the Singularity is that non-biological mediums will be able to emulate the richness, subtlety, and depth of human thinking…
o The traditional strengths of machine intelligence include the ability to remember billions of facts precisely and recall them instantly.
o Another advantage of non-biological intelligence is that once a skill is mastered by a machine, it can be performed repeatedly at high speed, at optimal accuracy, and without tiring. Perhaps most important, machines can share their knowledge at extremely high speed, compared to the very slow speed of human knowledge-sharing through language.
o As virtual reality from within the nervous system becomes competitive with real reality in terms of resolution and believability, our experiences will increasingly take place in virtual environments.
o …We will determine our own fate rather than have it determined by the current "dumb," simple, machinelike forces that rule celestial mechanics…
o The computational capacity of a human brain; according to Hans Moravec’s ( legendary roboticist at Carnegie Mellon University) analysis, the retina performs ten million of edge and motion detections each second. Based on his several decades of experience in creating robotic vision systems, he estimates that the execution of about one hundred computer instructions is required to re-create each such detection at human levels of performance, meaning that replicating the image-processing functionality of this portion of the retina requires 1,000 MIPS. The human brain is about 75,000 times heavier than the 0.02 grams of neurons in this portion of the retina, resulting in an estimate of about 1014 (100 trillion) instructions per second for the entire brain.
o …if we want to "upload" a particular person's personality (that is, capture all of his or her knowledge, skills, and personality), then we may need to simulate neural processes at the level of individual neurons and portions of neurons…For this, we need to look at detailed models of individual neurons. The "fan out" (number of inter-neuronal connections) per neuron is estimated at 103. With an estimated 1011 neurons, that's about 1014 connections. With a reset time of five milliseconds, that comes to about 1016 synaptic transactions per second…Neuron-model simulations indicate the need for about 103 calculations per synaptic transaction to capture the nonlinearities (complex interactions) in the dendrites and other neuron regions, resulting in an overall estimate of about 1019 cps for simulating the human brain at this level. We can therefore consider this an upper bound, but 1014 to 1016 cps to achieve functional equivalence of all brain regions is likely to be sufficient.
o By the mid-2040s, however, that one thousand dollars' worth of computation will be equal to 1026 cps, so the intelligence created per year (at a total cost of about $1012) will be about one billion times more powerful than all human intelligence today. That will indeed represent a profound change, and it is for that reason that I set the date for the Singularity—representing a profound and disruptive transformation in human capability—as 2045.
o Our ability to reverse engineer the brain—to see inside, model it, and simulate its regions—is growing exponentially. We will ultimately understand the principles of operation underlying the full range of our own thinking, knowledge that will provide us with powerful procedures for developing the software of intelligent machines... There are no inherent barriers to our being able to reverse engineer the operating principles of human intelligence and replicate these capabilities in the more powerful computational substrates that will become available in the decades ahead. The human brain is a complex hierarchy of complex systems, but it does not represent a level of complexity beyond what we are already capable of handling.
o A principal assumption underlying the expectation of the Singularity is that non-biological mediums will be able to emulate the richness, subtlety, and depth of human thinking…
Indi's (Editor) Notes;
Ray Kurzweil, who grew up in NewYork – The man who is lauded as "the restless genius", "the ultimate thinking machine", "rightful heir to Thomas Edison" and one of the world's leading inventor, thinker, entrepreneur and futurist, with a twenty-year track record of accurate predictions; have in common with; Nisargadatta Maharaj, (born Maruti Shivrampant Kambli), who had little or no education and lived a humble life in the Indian city of Mumbai – Immortality.
The normal human living is series of events, experiencing of the events and interpretation of the events, recording and recollection of the events. Life has become so mechanical that Ray Kurzweil is right in thinking that this process can be done better by machines. But is life merely experiencing and recollecting? No, there is something more to it; it is the pure consciousness. Ray Kurzweil misses the whole point which Nisargadatta Maharaj, Ramana Maharishi and the likes of them were able to see. Transcendent man is the man who goes beyond his memories and not the one who can retain his memories for indefinite period. Read further to see what is the real immortality…?
Ray Kurzweil, who grew up in NewYork – The man who is lauded as "the restless genius", "the ultimate thinking machine", "rightful heir to Thomas Edison" and one of the world's leading inventor, thinker, entrepreneur and futurist, with a twenty-year track record of accurate predictions; have in common with; Nisargadatta Maharaj, (born Maruti Shivrampant Kambli), who had little or no education and lived a humble life in the Indian city of Mumbai – Immortality.
The normal human living is series of events, experiencing of the events and interpretation of the events, recording and recollection of the events. Life has become so mechanical that Ray Kurzweil is right in thinking that this process can be done better by machines. But is life merely experiencing and recollecting? No, there is something more to it; it is the pure consciousness. Ray Kurzweil misses the whole point which Nisargadatta Maharaj, Ramana Maharishi and the likes of them were able to see. Transcendent man is the man who goes beyond his memories and not the one who can retain his memories for indefinite period. Read further to see what is the real immortality…?
Nisargadatta Maharaj
o A true devotee by abiding in the knowledge of ‘I am’ transcends the experience of death and attains immortality.
o The state before birth is even now, and even now – because it is before time itself, before time in the guise of ‘becoming’ emerged as the tyrannical concept that rules our life and enslaves us. It is the changeless reality from which all change has sprung – space, time, the entire world of experience, and all our cherished illusions. (Preface)
o We live essentially for the waking state in this we do things as a “doer” working towards our imagined security and happiness and in the process gather more experiences…Ultimate reality is a kind of nothingness or emptiness, an eternal stillness rather than a continuous movement and activity towards some useful end… “Even the Highest is useless to the Highest”. (Introduction)
o The (Parabrahman) Absolute lies beyond both duality and non-duality, since it is prior to space and time. It is the absolute or Ultimate, what one is for there is no longer anyone or anything – not even the consciousness to experience it. (Editors notes)
o …What do you mean by “death” a common word, a common parlance? This faith “I am” has disappeared, the confidence that “I am” is gone – that is death.
o Once you have transcended the body idea, it does not matter whether you live a short or a long time…Whatever you do, you think about something which is not you, even with a noble thought like god, which is still conceptual and therefore apart from yourself…
o During your life you have accomplished so many things, you had so many identities and that understanding has left you. Finally with what identity will you die? ...
o Who has entered the space from? ...The space is outside, the space is here also. There is no distinction between outside and inside space, it is all space only! So where is the question of coming (birth) and going (death)?
o Beingness means that having a vision that one is the entire dynamic universe. When one transcends individuality, one is the manifest beingness only… In this process the manifest reveals itself…
o The creation takes place through mind and concepts. Through the beginning in one’s mind, his world is created…
o …This knowledge ‘I am’ or beingness is illusion only. Therefore when ‘Brahman’ (beingness) is transcended only the ‘Parabrahman’ (Absolute) is, in which there is not even a trace of the knowledge “I am”.
o The beingness is a superimposition, a cloak of illusion over the Absolute. In other words, the beingness, which is the very first and primary concept “I am”, is itself the conceptual illusion. The whole universe manifests in that principle, which is termed beingness or birth.
o People take birth and die in the play of consciousness. Many masters (spiritually highly evolved people) and great incarnations have come and gone, but none could bring about even a little change in the process of creation, preservation and destruction…the great drama goes on.
o First there was no message ‘I am’ and also there was no world. Instantly, the message “I am” and this magnificent world materialised out of “nothingness”! The creation is spontaneous.
o “Tat Tvam Asi” = “I am That”; The word ‘That’ here refers to everything that is in the totality.
o The ‘beingness’ prompts you to think “I am like this and I am that” is illusory and fraudulent.
o “I am that by which I know I am” is called ‘charanamrita’ the nectar, by drinking this nectar one becomes immortal. Thus a true devotee, abiding by the knowledge (realisation) “I am” transcends the experience of death and attains immortality.
o A true devotee by abiding in the knowledge of ‘I am’ transcends the experience of death and attains immortality.
o The state before birth is even now, and even now – because it is before time itself, before time in the guise of ‘becoming’ emerged as the tyrannical concept that rules our life and enslaves us. It is the changeless reality from which all change has sprung – space, time, the entire world of experience, and all our cherished illusions. (Preface)
o We live essentially for the waking state in this we do things as a “doer” working towards our imagined security and happiness and in the process gather more experiences…Ultimate reality is a kind of nothingness or emptiness, an eternal stillness rather than a continuous movement and activity towards some useful end… “Even the Highest is useless to the Highest”. (Introduction)
o The (Parabrahman) Absolute lies beyond both duality and non-duality, since it is prior to space and time. It is the absolute or Ultimate, what one is for there is no longer anyone or anything – not even the consciousness to experience it. (Editors notes)
o …What do you mean by “death” a common word, a common parlance? This faith “I am” has disappeared, the confidence that “I am” is gone – that is death.
o Once you have transcended the body idea, it does not matter whether you live a short or a long time…Whatever you do, you think about something which is not you, even with a noble thought like god, which is still conceptual and therefore apart from yourself…
o During your life you have accomplished so many things, you had so many identities and that understanding has left you. Finally with what identity will you die? ...
o Who has entered the space from? ...The space is outside, the space is here also. There is no distinction between outside and inside space, it is all space only! So where is the question of coming (birth) and going (death)?
o Beingness means that having a vision that one is the entire dynamic universe. When one transcends individuality, one is the manifest beingness only… In this process the manifest reveals itself…
o The creation takes place through mind and concepts. Through the beginning in one’s mind, his world is created…
o …This knowledge ‘I am’ or beingness is illusion only. Therefore when ‘Brahman’ (beingness) is transcended only the ‘Parabrahman’ (Absolute) is, in which there is not even a trace of the knowledge “I am”.
o The beingness is a superimposition, a cloak of illusion over the Absolute. In other words, the beingness, which is the very first and primary concept “I am”, is itself the conceptual illusion. The whole universe manifests in that principle, which is termed beingness or birth.
o People take birth and die in the play of consciousness. Many masters (spiritually highly evolved people) and great incarnations have come and gone, but none could bring about even a little change in the process of creation, preservation and destruction…the great drama goes on.
o First there was no message ‘I am’ and also there was no world. Instantly, the message “I am” and this magnificent world materialised out of “nothingness”! The creation is spontaneous.
o “Tat Tvam Asi” = “I am That”; The word ‘That’ here refers to everything that is in the totality.
o The ‘beingness’ prompts you to think “I am like this and I am that” is illusory and fraudulent.
o “I am that by which I know I am” is called ‘charanamrita’ the nectar, by drinking this nectar one becomes immortal. Thus a true devotee, abiding by the knowledge (realisation) “I am” transcends the experience of death and attains immortality.
o …We identify with a body as ourselves and claim the objects as our own…Attachment is the nature of the mind, and it obstinately persists in these attachments.
o Once you subside into consciousness, the factual state of Reality shall be revealed to you with the knowledge that will emanate out of you intuitively, like spring water. This will enable you to discern what is real and unreal, but most importantly, to realise what “I am”.
o At present you meekly accept whatever the mind dictates as your own. If the mind goes into silence, where and what are you?
o Abidance in the consciousness removes all past and future problems, and stabilizes one in the present.
o Even in the ‘Pure knowledge’ (shuddhavijnana) state, the mind refuses to believe that it is non-entity.
o All paths lead to unreality. Paths are creations within the scope of knowledge. Therefore, paths and movements cannot transport you into Reality, because their function is to enmesh you within the dimensions of knowledge, while Reality prevails prior to it.
o On death, the consciousness does not go anywhere; merely its functioning through the “dead” body is extinguished then and there, and the pure dynamic Brahman (Absolute) remains unaffected… Birth and death are hearsays.
o Everybody is trying to protect time and preserve the time factor – that is, the consciousness. So long as time is there, consciousness is there; and time is there as long as body is present.
o A person is normally engaged in activities that may be considered good or bad, but are actually just mental occupation.
o Once you realise that you are not the body and the mind, you have no needs and demands; then you are one with the manifest consciousness. In due course you are not even the consciousness, when you dwell in the Highest, thus ultimately also transcending the consciousness.
o Once established in the Absolute (Brahman) then there is no longer any use for the knowledge of the Absolute (Brahman). What can be the use of Absolut (Brahman) to Absolute (Brahman)? Therefore, I, the Absolute, do nothing and need nothing, at this stage of ‘body free state’ (videhisthiti). There is no high or low; no real or unreal; no inside nor outside and no dimension of any kind in that state.
Ramana Maharishi
o Common man is aware of himself only when modifications arise in the intellect; these…are transient – they arise and set. When pure awareness is left over it is itself the supreme (Absolute)
o Once you subside into consciousness, the factual state of Reality shall be revealed to you with the knowledge that will emanate out of you intuitively, like spring water. This will enable you to discern what is real and unreal, but most importantly, to realise what “I am”.
o At present you meekly accept whatever the mind dictates as your own. If the mind goes into silence, where and what are you?
o Abidance in the consciousness removes all past and future problems, and stabilizes one in the present.
o Even in the ‘Pure knowledge’ (shuddhavijnana) state, the mind refuses to believe that it is non-entity.
o All paths lead to unreality. Paths are creations within the scope of knowledge. Therefore, paths and movements cannot transport you into Reality, because their function is to enmesh you within the dimensions of knowledge, while Reality prevails prior to it.
o On death, the consciousness does not go anywhere; merely its functioning through the “dead” body is extinguished then and there, and the pure dynamic Brahman (Absolute) remains unaffected… Birth and death are hearsays.
o Everybody is trying to protect time and preserve the time factor – that is, the consciousness. So long as time is there, consciousness is there; and time is there as long as body is present.
o A person is normally engaged in activities that may be considered good or bad, but are actually just mental occupation.
o Once you realise that you are not the body and the mind, you have no needs and demands; then you are one with the manifest consciousness. In due course you are not even the consciousness, when you dwell in the Highest, thus ultimately also transcending the consciousness.
o Once established in the Absolute (Brahman) then there is no longer any use for the knowledge of the Absolute (Brahman). What can be the use of Absolut (Brahman) to Absolute (Brahman)? Therefore, I, the Absolute, do nothing and need nothing, at this stage of ‘body free state’ (videhisthiti). There is no high or low; no real or unreal; no inside nor outside and no dimension of any kind in that state.
Ramana Maharishi
o Common man is aware of himself only when modifications arise in the intellect; these…are transient – they arise and set. When pure awareness is left over it is itself the supreme (Absolute)
Reference;
1. The Nectar of Immortality – Sri Nisarga Datta Maharaj (Ed. By Robert Powel)
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj
3. http://nisargadatta.org/
4. http://sri-nisargadatta-maharaj.blogspot.in/
5. Talks with Ramana Maharishi
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil
7. The Singularity Is Near - Ray Kurzweil.
8. http://www.kurzweilai.net/
9. http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/187736-harvard-mit-create-first-self-assembling-robots-the-first-real-transformers
10. http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/ai.pdf
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law
1. The Nectar of Immortality – Sri Nisarga Datta Maharaj (Ed. By Robert Powel)
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj
3. http://nisargadatta.org/
4. http://sri-nisargadatta-maharaj.blogspot.in/
5. Talks with Ramana Maharishi
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil
7. The Singularity Is Near - Ray Kurzweil.
8. http://www.kurzweilai.net/
9. http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/187736-harvard-mit-create-first-self-assembling-robots-the-first-real-transformers
10. http://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/ai.pdf
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law